Nws yog qhov ib txwm hu rau kev tua hluav taws ib qho txheej txheem kev sib txuas tsis sib xws. Hav zoov tua hluav taws - tib qho txheej txheem, tab sis nyob rau thaj chaw thaj chaw cog nrog ntoo. Hav zoov hluav taws muaj nyob rau thaj chaw ntsuab uas muaj nplua mias, nroj tsuag, ntoo tuag lossis peat. Qhov ua thiab tshwm sim ntawm cov kev puas tsuaj no sib txawv ntawm ib thaj av mus rau ib thaj chaw.
Pob zeb pob zeb ua lag luam qhia tau hais tias cov hluav taws tau pib sai sai tom qab cov tsos ntawm cov ntoo hauv av muaj 420 lab xyoo dhau los. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws kub thoob plaws keeb kwm ntawm lub neej hauv ntiaj teb ua rau qhov kev xav tias hluav taws yuav tsum muaj qhov cuam tshuam txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov tsiaj ntawm cov tsiaj txhu feem ntau.
Cov hom thiab faib tawm ntawm hluav taws kub hav zoov
Muaj peb qho tseem ceeb ntawm hluav taws kub: ntws los sab, nqes hav thiab hauv av.
Cov txiv nees hlawv ntoo ntawm txhua txoj kev kom mus rau sab saum toj. Cov no yog cov hluav taws kub nyhiab tshaj plaws thiab txaus ntshai. Raws li txoj cai, lawv ntseeg tau cuam tshuam cov ntoo ntawm cov ntoo. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg ntawm no tias qhov hluav taws kub hauv hav zoov coniferous yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws vim muaj qhov muaj zog ntoo ntawm cov ntoo. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem pab tau txoj kev nyab xeeb rau ecosystem, vim hais tias ib zaug lub dome hlawv tag, hnub ci tuaj yeem mus txog hauv av, txhawb nqa lub neej tom qab kev puas tsuaj.
Cov hluav taws hauv av hlawv cov kab qis qis ntawm cov ntoo, tsob ntoo thiab av av (txhua yam uas npog hauv av: ntoo, txhuam av, thiab lwm yam). Nws yog hom tsawg tshaj plaws thiab puas tsawg yam kev puas tsuaj rau tom hav zoov.
Cov hluav taws hauv qab av tshwm sim hauv kev sib txuam tob ntawm humus, peat, thiab zoo ib yam li cov nroj tsuag tuag uas ua rau qhuav hlawv. Cov hluav taws no kis tau qeeb heev, tab sis qee zaus nyuaj rau tua tsis tau. Qee zaum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub caij ntuj qhuav heev, lawv tuaj yeem tsoo txhua lub caij ntuj no nyob hauv av, thiab tom qab ntawd rov tshwm sim saum npoo av.
Daim duab ntawm lub hav zoov caij hluav taws
Cov ua tshwm sim
Lub hav zoov tua hluav taws tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ntuj thiab dag tsim.
Lub ntuj ua rau feem ntau suav nrog xob laim, volcanic eruptions (lub roob hluav taws hauv tebchaws Russia), muaj hluav taws los ntawm pob zeb ntog thiab thaum cov nplaim taws sib txuas. Txhua ntawm lawv yog qhov ua hluav taws rau cov ntoo. Cov xwm txheej zoo rau kis cov hluav taws kub hav zoov yog vim qhov kub, qhov tsis kub, qhov khoom ntawm cov khoom tawg yooj yim, thiab lwm yam.
Vim yog neeg tsim, hluav taws kub hav zoov tuaj yeem tawg thaum hluav taws xws li cov nplaim hluav taws, luam yeeb, hluav taws xob, lossis lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov cub taws tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog txhua yam khoom hauv lub hav zoov vim tib neeg tsis saib xyuas, tsis saib xyuas, lossis txhob txwm ua.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm hluav taws kub
Muaj qee tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws kub hav zoov. Cia peb nyob nrog lawv luv luv. Raws li tau hais los saum no, los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm hluav taws, hluav taws kub hav zoov tau muab faib ua: ntws los, nqes hav thiab hauv av.
Raws li qhov ceev ntawm nce qib, qhov hluav taws kub sab sauv thiab qis tau muab faib ua cov tsis tuaj yeem thiab ruaj khov.
Qhov hluav taws kub hauv qab yog suav tias tsis muaj zog, cuam tshuam tsis tshaj 25 cm.Qhov nruab nrab - 25-50 cm, thiab muaj zog yog tias ntau dua 50 cm hlawv tawm.
Cov hluav taws kub hav zoov tseem muab faib raws li thaj chaw ntawm lawv cov khoom faib. Qhov hluav taws kub yog suav tias yog xwm txheej loj, nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw hluav taws tshaj li 2000 hectares. Cov hluav taws loj suav nrog cov hluav taws ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 200 txog 2000 hectares. Qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm 20 thiab 200 hectares yog suav tias yog nruab nrab. Me me - los ntawm 2 txog 20 hectares. Qhov hluav taws kub hu ua qhov hluav taws kub tsis dhau 2 hectares.
Kev tua hluav taws hauv hav zoov
Tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov hluav taws kub yog nyob ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv, qhov siab ntawm nplaim hluav taws thiab kis ntawm qhov hluav taws kub. Hauv hav zoov hluav taws, tus cwj pwm no nyob ntawm seb cov roj av (xws li koob, nplooj thiab twigs) sib cuam tshuam, huab cua, thiab lub ntsej muag.
Thaum pib, lub tsuj yuav txuas ntxiv mus hlawv tsuas yog tias qhov ntsuas kub, oxygen thiab qee tus nqi roj. Ua ke, peb lub ntsiab lus no tau hais los ua "hluav taws kub peb tog".
Txhawm rau tua hluav taws, ib los yog ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab peb sab hluav taws yuav tsum tau muab tua. Cov tua hluav taws yuav tsum tau ua raws li hauv qab no:
- txias cov ntoo hauv qab lawv cov kub kub dhau los ntawm kev siv dej, ua npuas dej lossis xuab zeb;
- tig tawm cov pa oxygen nrog dej, retarder lossis xuab zeb;
Hauv kev xaus, qhov kev kub hnyiab tawm raug muab tshem tawm, cov ntoo tau raug txiav ua ntej hluav taws kub tuaj.
Qhov cuam tshuam
Hluav taws yog qhov ua rau muaj av av ntau thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau rau ib puag ncig, nyiaj txiag thiab kev sib raug zoo, suav nrog:
- tsis muaj peev nyiaj hav zoov;
- kev puas tsuaj ntawm cheeb tsam catchment;
- kev ploj ntawm tej nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu;
- tsis muaj vaj tse nyob rau cov tsiaj qus thiab qhov chaw ploj ntawm cov tsiaj qus;
- qeeb ntawm kev tsim kho ntuj thiab txo ntawm hav zoov;
- ntiaj teb ua kom sov;
- qhov nce ntawm feem ntawm CO2 nyob rau hauv cov cua;
- cov kev hloov hauv microclimate ntawm thaj av ntawd;
- av yaig cuam tshuam rau cov av tsim tau thiab kev muaj av;
Qhov ua kom zoo li txheej ntawm ozone txheej kuj tshwm sim.
Hav zoov hluav taws kub hauv teb chaws Russia
Raws li kev txheeb suav sau tseg, nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1976 mus txog rau xyoo 2017, txij li 11,800 rau 36,600 qhov hluav taws kub tau sau npe txhua xyoo nyob hauv thaj chaw muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm hav zoov nyiaj ntawm Lavxias Thaj Tsam thaj tsam ntawm 235,000 rau 5,340,000 hectares (ha). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaj chaw ntawm cov hav zoov, ib xyoos tawm tsam los ntawm hluav taws, txawv ntawm 170,000 txog 4,290,000 hectares.
Cov hluav taws hav zoov ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom ntuj. Cov hluav taws ntawm hom no tsim tawm los ntawm 7.0% mus rau 23% ntawm tag nrho thaj tsam ntawm cov nyiaj hav zoov ib xyoos ib zaug raug kev tua hluav taws. Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia, cov hluav taws hauv av muaj ntau tshaj plaws, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev sib txawv. Lawv tshwm sim hauv 70% mus rau 90% ntawm tus neeg mob. Cov hluav taws hauv av yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws, tab sis qhov kev puas tsuaj tshaj plaws. Lawv txoj kev sib koom tsis ntau tshaj 0.5% ntawm tag nrho thaj chaw.
Feem ntau cov hav zoov tua hluav taws (ntau dua 85%) yog cov khoom cuav. Qhov sib koom nrog ntuj tsim (xob laim tawm) yog kwv yees li 12% ntawm tag nrho thiab 42.0% ntawm tag nrho cheeb tsam.
Yog tias peb xav txog cov txheeb cais ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov hluav taws hauv thaj chaw sib txawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab, tom qab ntawd nyob sab Europe lawv feem ntau tshwm sim ntau dua, tab sis ntawm thaj chaw me me, thiab hauv Asian, ntawm qhov tsis tooj.
Cov cheeb tsam qaum teb ntawm Siberia thiab Far East, uas suav txog ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho thaj tsam ntawm cov nyiaj hav zoov, tau nyob hauv thaj chaw tsis muaj kev tswj hwm, qhov chaw tua hluav taws tsis rau npe thiab tsis tig rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg. Cov hluav taws hauv hav zoov hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog kwv yees kwv yees raws li lub xeev cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv hav zoov, uas suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov chaw hlawv ntawm txhua lub chaw ua haujlwm hav zoov thiab cov koom haum hauv Lavxias.
Kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev tua hluav taws
Cov kev ntsuas tiv thaiv yuav pab kom zam tau qhov xwm txheej zoo no thiab khaws cov nyiaj ntsuab ntsuab ntawm ntiaj chaw. Lawv suav nrog cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- kev teeb tsa hluav taws;
- npaj cov chaw tua hluav taws nrog dej cia thiab lwm yam kev tua hluav taws;
- kev huv ntawm woodlands;
- chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm chaw tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg ncig xyuas tebchaws thiab chaw so;
Nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau ceeb toom rau cov pej xeem txog kev coj nyab xeeb nrog hluav taws.
Saib xyuas
- Kev soj ntsuam, raws li txoj cai, suav nrog ntau hom kev soj ntsuam thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov ntsuas. Nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov chaw thev naus laus zis hauv ntiaj teb, nws tau dhau los ua tau los soj ntsuam cov xwm txheej los ntawm lub hnub qub. Nrog rau kev soj ntsuam lub koob yees duab, xov tooj cua muab cov kev pab tsis muaj nqi nyob rau hauv kev ntes cov chaw hluav taws.
- Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb yog qhov system yuav tsum ntseeg siab tau. Hauv koom haum xwm txheej ceev, qhov no txhais tau tias muaj pes tsawg lub tswb tsis tseeb yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 10% ntawm tag nrho cov kev soj ntsuam.
- Qhov thib peb yam yog qhov chaw nyob ntawm hluav taws. Lub kaw lus yuav tsum pom qhov hluav taws kub kom raug. Qhov no txhais tau tias kev tso cai pom zoo tsis dhau 500 meters los ntawm qhov chaw nyob tiag.
- Thib plaub, lub kaw lus yuav tsum muaj qee qhov kwv yees ntawm kev sib kis hluav taws, uas yog, nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia thiab ntawm qhov hluav taws kub mus rau pem hauv ntej, nyob ntawm qhov nrawm thiab kev taw qhia ntawm cua. Thaum cov chaw tswjfwm hauv cheeb tsam (lossis lwm lub chaw haujlwm tua hluav taws) tau txais kev saib xyuas pej xeem cov pa luam yeeb, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas cov tub ceev xwm yuav tsum paub txog cov qauv hluav taws hauv thaj tsam lawv nyob.
