Ua rau muaj volcanic eruptions

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Cov neeg thaum ub hu ua lub roob hluav taws tus vajtswv ntawm hluav taws thiab kws ntaus hlau. Ib lub pov txwv me me nyob hauv Tyrrhenian Hiav Txwv tau muab lub npe tom qab nws, qhov saum toj kawg nkaus uas tau taws hluav taws thiab muaj huab cua dub. Tom qab, txhua lub roob hluav taws uas tau ua pa muaj npe raws li tus vajtswv no.

Tus lej ntawm lub roob hluav taws tsis paub. Nws kuj tseem nyob ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm "roob hluav taws": piv txwv li, muaj "roob hluav taws" thaj chaw uas ua rau ntau pua lub chaw nruab nrab ntawm kev sib tsoo, txhua yam cuam tshuam nrog tib magma chamber, thiab uas tej zaum lossis yuav tsis raug suav hais tias yog "roob hluav taws". Muaj ntau lab lub roob hluav taws uas tau ua haujlwm nyob thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb. Thaum lub sijhawm 10,000 xyoo dhau los ntawm lub ntiaj teb, raws li Smithsonian lub koom haum ntawm Volcanology, muaj txog 1,500 lub roob hluav taws uas tau paub tias tau ua haujlwm, thiab txawm tias muaj ntau lub roob hluav taws ntau submarine tseem tsis tau paub. Muaj kwv yees li ntawm 600 lub craters, ntawm cov uas 50-70 tawg tuaj txhua xyoo. Qhov so hu ua tu noob.

Cov roob hluav taws feem ntau yog sib tw nrog cov hauv qab ntiav. Tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov kev ua kom tsis zoo lossis ua kom txav ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kaub puab. Thaum ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab sauv mantle los yog qis dua crust melts, magma yog tsim. Lub roob hluav taws kub yog qhov yuav tsum muaj qhov qhib lossis lub qhov cua uas lub zog no thiab cov roj yaj uas nws tau tawm lawm. Thaum muaj ntau yam ua rau lub roob hluav taws tawg, peb tus thawj:

  • tswv yim muaj ntawm magma;
  • siab los ntawm cov roj yaj hauv magma;
  • txhaj ib pob tshiab ntawm magma rau hauv ib chav magma lawm.

Cov txheej txheem yooj yim

Cia peb tham me ntsis txog cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem no.

Thaum lub pob zeb nyob sab hauv Lub Ntiaj Teb yaj tas, nws lub cev tsis hloov hlo li. Qhov nce zuj zus tsim ib qhov tuaj yeem uas qhov ntom ntom qis dua li ntawm ib puag ncig. Tom qab ntawd, vim nws txoj kev ntoj ncig, lub teeb ci no magma nce rau saum npoo av. Yog hais tias qhov ntom ntom ntawm magma nruab nrab ntawm thaj tsam ntawm nws tiam thiab saum npoo qis dua li qhov ntom ntawm cov pob zeb nyob ib puag ncig thiab overlying, lub magma ncav cuag saum npoo thiab tawg.

Magmas ntawm cov ntawv sib txuam thiab cov lus sib dhos thiab cov lus sib dhos tseem muaj cov khoom npliag yaj xws li dej, sulfur dioxide thiab carbon dioxide. Cov kev sim pom tau qhia tias tus nqi ntawm cov roj yaj nyob rau hauv magma (nws txoj kev solubility) ntawm qhov siab ntawm huab cua yog xoom, tab sis nce nrog nce siab.

Hauv andesite magma saturated nrog dej, nyob rau rau kis lus mev los ntawm sab, txog 5% ntawm nws qhov hnyav yog yaj hauv dej. Raws li qhov lava no txav mus rau saum npoo, dej solubility hauv nws txo, thiab yog li cov dej noo ntau dhau los sib cais hauv daim ntawv npuas. Raws li nws nce mus rau qhov chaw, ntau thiab ntau cov kua raug tso tawm, yog li nce cov roj-magma piv hauv cov channel. Thaum lub ntim ntawm cov npuas nce mus txog kwv yees li 75 feem pua, lava zom zaws mus rau hauv pyroclasts (qee qhov khoob thiab cov khoom tawg) thiab tawg.

Cov txheej txheem thib peb uas ua rau hluav taws xob tawg yog qhov pom ntawm magma tshiab hauv chav uas twb tau sau nrog lava ntawm tib yam lossis sib txawv. Qhov kev sib xyaw zoo no ua rau qee lub lava hauv chav ua kom txav mus rau ntawm cov kwj dej thiab tawg rau ntawm qhov chaw.

Txawm hais tias cov roob hluav taws muaj kev paub zoo txog peb yam txheej txheem no, lawv tseem tsis tuaj yeem twv seb qhov hluav taws xob tawg. Tab sis lawv tau ua tiav kev loj hlob nyob hauv kev kwv yees. Nws qhia txog qhov yuav tshwm sim xwm txheej thiab sijhawm ntawm qhov uas tawg hauv cov kev ua qab yias. Qhov xwm ntawm lub lava ntws tawm yog nyob ntawm kev txheeb xyuas ntawm lub sijhawm prehistoric thiab keeb kwm cwj pwm ntawm cov suav hais tias lub roob hluav taws thiab nws cov khoom lag luam. Piv txwv li, lub roob hluav taws hluav taws kub ua rau cov hmoov av tshauv thiab cov roob hluav taws muaj hluav taws kub (lossis lahars) yuav zoo ib yam rau yav tom ntej.

Txiav txim siab qhov ncua sijhawm ntawm qhov tawg

Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm qhov hluav taws kub hauv hluav taws xob tswj hluav taws xob yog nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm ntau tus tsis suav, suav nrog, tab sis tsis txwv rau:

  • kev ua seismic nyob rau ntawm lub roob (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov tob thiab zaus ntawm av qeeg ntawm volcanic);
  • av tsis meej (txiav txim siab siv qaij thiab / lossis GPS thiab satellite interferometry);
  • tso cov pa tawm (piv txwv ntawm tus nqi ntawm leej faj sulfur dioxide roj tawm los ntawm correlation spectrometer lossis COSPEC).

Ib qho piv txwv zoo txog kev kwv yees vam meej tau tshwm sim xyoo 1991. Cov kws ntsuas hluav taws xob hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Ntsuas tau hais kwv yees qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tawg ntawm Mount Pinatubo hauv Philippines thaum Lub Rau Hli 15, uas tau tso cai khiav tawm ntawm Clark AFB kom ncav sijhawm thiab cawm ntau txhiab tus neeg lub neej.

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